Pharmaceutical Drugs And Its Effects - 2008 Words

Drug delivery is the process by which a pharmaceutical drug is delivered to the patient to provide medical treatment to ameliorate the well-being of the patient and prolong their lifespan. While pharmaceutical drugs have shown to be of great aid in the treatment of patients injecting foreign compounds throughout the entire body can be hazardous and cause unforeseen consequences. The side effects of some drugs are can prove to be life-threatening if consumed irregularly and even under the best conditions drugs can still have nasty side-effects. To try and solve this issue biomedical engineers have designed several drug delivery systems to combat this issue. There were three main factors that were considered to minimize the damage done by pharmaceutical drugs. The first thing that was needed to be done was to increase the drug acting period and this was generally achieved by linking the drug with macromolecules or encapsulating the drug within a polymer. The next major contribution was to enhance the targeting ability of the drug so the drug found the site of action instead of spreading itself randomly throughout the body; this was done mainly through the use of linking the drug with an antibody and ligand so it would react to the a certain type of cell as well as avoid natural defenses placed by the host’s body. After the drug reached the site of action the release of the drug needed to be controlled at the action site (such as tissues/organs) and this was done throughShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Counterfeited Drugs On Pharmaceutical Companies1643 Words   |  7 Pages The Effect of Counterfeited Drugs on Pharmaceutical Companies The market for counterfeit pharmaceuticals has grown exponentially in the last five years. According to an estimate published by the Center for Medicine in the Public Interest in the USA, â€Å"Worldwide sales of counterfeit medicines could top US$ 75 billion this year, a 90% rise in five years† (WHO, 2010). This massive rise has greatly affected pharmaceutical companies and law enforcement agencies. The data exposing the effects the counterfeitRead MoreDrug Compounding And Its Effects On Pharmaceutical Compounding1517 Words   |  7 PagesFagron is a Netherlands-based company (although its registered office and listing is in Belgium) focused on pharmaceutical compounding. The company has undergone a significant restructuring over the past few years, divesting a number of medical/dental businesses (with the last one done in March), to reshape itself into a global drug compounding leader. 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It is now accepted worldwide, that before a drug is brought into routine use its efficacy, safety, and the balance between two (sometimes the â€Å"risk-to-benefitRead MoreThe Pharmaceutical Industry Is Under Enormous Pressure By External And Internal Stakeholders985 Words   |  4 PagesThe pharmaceutical industry has been getting involved with corruption lately. The industry is getting involved with corruption because of how easy it is to make money. The industry around the country is very corrupted right now as we speak. â€Å"The pharmaceutical industry is under immense pressure by external and internal stakeholders† (Valverde,2013). Most companies around the country are getting sued and having to go to court. They are getting sued because of the unsatisfied customers. Many of themRead MoreThe Ethical Appropriateness Of Direct Consumer Advertising Of Drugs Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesappropriateness of direct consumer advertising of drugs? 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The Effects Of Advertising On Youth s Psychology - 867 Words

Professor Jeff Richards once said â€Å"Creative without strategy is called art, but creative with strategy is called advertising.† This quote is basically stating that advertisements use a lot of techniques and strategies to convince and persuade audience. Particularly advertisements use psychological feelings to persuade you positively or negatively towards a product. Advertising affects youth’s psychology by triggering feelings that make you want to buy their product. First, corporations work on multiple strategies specifically in the field of pschology that might even change your life forever positively or negatively .For example, time.com states that â€Å"Companies get you lost and confused. It’s not an accident that grocery stores are often laid out unintuitively. Losing focus makes people spend more on impulse purchases, says expert Martin Lindstrom, who has conducted studies on marketing strategies. Getting interrupted during shopping also makes you less price-sensitive, according to research co-authored by marketing professor Wendy Liu at UC San Diego. That’s because when you return to look at products after a distraction, you have a false sense of having already vetted them, she says.† In addition these strategies have been tested by specialists which can change your life negatively by making you forget what products you actually need and make you concentrate on things that look attractive. An additional fact from ww w.enotes says â€Å"Advertising can help us in at leastShow MoreRelatedconsumer1670 Words   |  7 PagesUNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY NAME: CHARLES NYUNGU REGISTRATION NUMBER: R115700F PROGRAM: H.P.S III COURSE: CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY LECTURER: MR MATIKA ASSIGNMENT TITLE: Scan three adverts from a magazine or newspaper and outline the advertisement‘s effects on your affect, cognition and behaviour. 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Results indicated the media influenced views about issue importance among the general public and government policy makers. However, the change in public opinion regarding

Construction contract

Question: Describe about the Key elements to determine contract and recommendations for completing the annexure of the contract? Answer: Key elements to determine contract There are different views of different individuals for attaching the conditions in a particular contract. Some of the conditions could be very useful as per the business requirements where as sometimes it is seen that there are some of the conditions, which makes the contract totally invalid. The contract is constructed when the offers and the deals are accepted between two of the parties singeing the desired contract. Therefore, in according to the contract, i would suggest a contract in which there should be some of the key elements to determine the conditions of the particular contract (Goldfayl, 2004). As a building contractor, i would recommend a contract in which all the necessary details should be clearly mentioned regarding the business between the two companies. The elements are acceptance of the offer, intention as well as motivations to create lawful relations, consideration and capacity, and finally illegal or void contacts. There should be intention between the two of th e parties for creating the relations according to the law of the country. The signing of the contract between the two parties should be as per the law of Australia. The legal capacity of the contract includes the people who usually had an impairment from the different mental strategies, especially the minors or the bankrupt as well as the prisoners and the people acts on behalf of their company. The contract should deal with the standards required by the construction companies as per the standard needs of the business. The strategies play a great part in the development of the construction of a business so, the strategies must be included in the contract as it is one of the key elements for building up the contract. One of the leading factors regarding the construction companies of Australia is the issues regarding the values of the construction industry and the accessibility of the standard form without the use of sustainable development. Moving to the next issue is the issue of cu rrent perceptions of the construction industry of the Australia (Phillips, 2009). The values as well as the norms of the two of the companies dealing through the contract should be highlighted clearly. The factors regarding the duration of the contract, values of the key elements within the contract should be mentioned clearly in the contract. The focus of the contract should be as to suit the commercial building having a contract value of more than $500,000.00. The contract should have provisions for the clauses of the quality management. Sections and clauses in the contract Relating to the size of the project, the amount of $500000 is considered for a small or medium size of the project. The contract law may be distinguish between five broad categories as ; Formation: this section deals with all, the requirements that makes the validity of the desired contract. Scope as well as content: this part deals with the terms included in the contract Performance and termination: this includes the circumstances in which the contract can end or continues. For making the clauses and the sections, standards forms should be used. On an overall survey it is found that there are four main forms as AS4300 (23%), AS4000 (18%), AS2124 (17%) and AS4902 (14%), which represents a total of 70% of all the standard forms. The AS400 standard form of the project was significantly reported to be used for the projects whose values were excess of $500 million (Uher and Davenport, 2009). It was found on an overall survey of all the construction companies that there was more that 84% of the contracts who were using the standard forms for completing their projects. As per the laws of Australia, the standard form of AS400 was made for the general rules for the construction companies. There are certain limitations as well as exclusions in the contract for the construction companies which helps to manage and handle the risks relating to the contractual relationships. There are certain points under which the clauses can affect the contract between the two part ies. They are as follows: i) Resulting in equality of the two parties between which the contract has been signed. ii) any one of two parties under any of the clauses or the sections should not be protected. Ways of offers termination Revocation Rejection Counter offer Lapse of time Disability of parties Conditional failure Proposed recommendation Plans Date of planning, further analysis Specification Prepared by, last changes made Detailed drawings Detailed sketch date, prepared by Internal drawing specifications Prepared by, permitted level of regulatory authorities Schedule Overall schedule of the project and further risk identification date and quality assurance approval Risk Insurance AU $ 100,00 Physically injury liability AU $ 150,000 General liabilities AU $ 200,000 Property Damage Liability AU $ 450,000 Workers compensation AU $ 175,000 Difference between the clauses A difference between the clauses can be easily seen after researching on the data collected by various contracts. Under the clause of termination, a large amount of difference is seen between different contracts of different construction companies. In any of the contract it is not, Cleary mentioned that an individual can be terminated under certain circumstances (Goldfayl, 2004). In other words, it can be explain as there is non-contractual rights for every individual working in the construction company to terminate the employee working under his or her position. A large amount of frustration due to the final payments or termination can be seen in many of the individuals working under the construction companies. It is evident for the companies to revise their contracts as per the demands of the current situation as well as the demands of the employees working out there with the companies under certain rules of contract. Some of the best cited, examples can be made as when there is re fusal in the work by the employees, removal of plant by the contractor and by the many other purposes. Recommended contract This is the most crucial part of the study as this part of study will help the researcher to analyse the data on the preparation of a contract with certain useful rules as well as clauses. First of all, in particular opinion the contract should deal with the treaties between the two of the companies, secondly the contract made should be according the laws and regulations of the government of the country. One of the vital points for the construction contract is to maintain the standard forms of contract and the sections as well as clauses should be discussed clearly. The terms and conditions of the contract for each of the employees ashould be clearly mentioned as well as the clauses should be discussed with different sets of rules and values. The points like, between the two who will share the large percentage of share and the period of evaluation as well as the renewable of the contract should be discussed properly within the contract. The clause of termination and the clause of fin al payments should be made strictly under the rules and regulations of the respective authorities. These two of the clauses are very important from the business perspective of the construction companies. Recommendations for completing the annexure of the contract This is one of the crucial part of the study as it will help the researcher to gain a vast amount of knowledge on the improvements that can be made on the contract between the construction companies, prior to signing. The amount of work to be done and the fixed value of the price for that amount should be clearly mentioned in the contract. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to work as per the demands of the different parties, so, the time limits are one of the leading factors managing the potential risk. There should be certain time limit for the completion of the overall project and there should be certain rules for qualifying for gaining the extra time required for the completion of the project. the standard clauses as well as the governments norms should be incorporated within the contract and it must be clearly understood by the individuals, before signing the contract. One of the interesting feature that must be included in the contract is that there should be some criteria for the individuals involved with the project that they have to pay extra interest rates in case of crossing the time limits for the required project. sometimes it is seen that the contract between the construction companies contains long term agreements which ranges from the cost as well as the description of the materials or the items involved in the project, this long agreements leads to several disputes between the individuals, so, there should be correct resolutions for solving that particular issues. The clauses under the contract should be according to the rules and regulations of the desired authorities. There should be a section relating to the claims regarding the clauses of the termination as well as the clause of making the final payments from the respective companies. possible range of documents There are certain documents that need to be attached before signing thee contracts. These documents could be the insurance papers respective of the whole business, drawings or the design involved in the construction business for the desired project, and finally it could ne the list of specifications that generally deals with ongoing project regarding the construction business of the company. There should be a maximum of ten documents that should be uploaded prior to the signing of the contract between the companies (Uher and Davenport, 2009). The documents should be verified as per the norms of the respective authorities as well as the norms and rules of the two construction companies. Some of the other important possible ranges of document include the documents relating to the conditions of the contract, documents relating to the overall projects, the documents including and explaining the finance section regarding the project within the contract. A form of agreement papers are very important for each of the two leading companies involved with the contract. So these are the certain documents in which at least five of them should be uploaded. justifications for the recommendations a) Percentages for variations While submitting the documents as per the norms of the company there should be variations in accordance with the percentage highlighted in the documents that was uploaded. b) Percentages for provisional sums While selecting or making the desired choices regarding the contract there should be percentage for the denominations as well as for the calculations of the provisional sums strictly relating to the business. c) Qualifying causes for Extension of time (EOT) Time is one of the important as well as crucial factor as per the contract between the construction companies (Sims and Dancaster, 2000). Therefore, there should be definite time-period for the project included in the contract within the given time the overall project should be completed. There should be some certain rules for extension of the time limits in which the remaining work can be completed. The qualifying causes should be included in the project according to which the permissible time limits should be given to the individuals. d) Process and documentation for submitting a progress claim The process of documentation is very important as per the requirements of the overall business (Rowlinson, 2011). Making the claim for the desirable payments should include the following points such as subcontractors against or under the supervisors or the head of all the contractors, the suppliers of the raw materials, the hirers for the equipments of the goods inside the plant and finally the consultants. There should be definite rules according to which the individuals can make the claim. The claim must be time bounded and the overall writing should be addressed to the respondent. The whole of the procedure should proceed under definite clauses as well as under the laws made by the government. e) Interest on late This is one of the most interesting part of the clause section as it deals with the interest on being late. There should be interest on the late submission of the project according to the different situations (Uher and Davenport, 2009). In case due to some delay from the company perspectives, the interest rates should be negligible or there should be very low interest rates. Clear statements that can be easily understood by each of the individuals should be made under this category of interest rates. References Goldfayl, G. (2004).Construction Contract Administration. Sydney: UNSW Press. Phillips, C. (2009).Construction contract administration. Littleton, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. Rowlinson, M. (2011).A Practical Guide to the NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Shi, J. (2013).Free trade and cultural diversity in international law. Oxford: Hart Publishing. Sims, J. and Dancaster, C. (2000).Contract Documentation for Contractors. Wiley. Uher, T. and Davenport, P. (2009).Fundamentals of building contract management. Sydney: UNSW Press.

Use of Antibiotics in Preventing Recurrent Acute for Effusion

Question: Write about theUse of Antibiotics in Preventing Recurrent Acute for Effusion. Answer: Introduction There is an extensive but controversial medical literature on medical resources needed to address problems related to otitis media. Recently, use of certain antibiotics in children suffering from otitis media has raised concerns from different quarters. Acute otitis media (AOM) can be addressed by use of antibiotics or surgical treatment; in which either treatment has certain benefits and demerits, warranting extensive debates and consultations before settling for one. For those who propose recurrent antibiotic treatment of recurrent AOM, the choice, timing and the period of antibiotic prophylaxis are to be resolved. There is uncertainty for otitis media effusion (OME) as to whether antibiotic offer placebo advantage (Rovers, Schilder, and Zielhuis, 2004 p. 22). The research is aimed at addressing these concerns hence the need for meta-analyses of antibiotics role in porphyries of recurrent AOM and OME treatment. Research questions that need to be satisfied include; 1. What is the magnitude of the effect of treatment of prophylactic a suppression of antibiotic of recurrent AOM? 2. what effect exists, if the details of using an antibiotic choice of timing, duration, and timing offer the highest beneficial effect. 3. What is a short-term magnitude of treatment effect if any, of OME resolution with antibiotic, 4. If OME effect exists in the short term. If there are long-term benefits. 5. If there is a presence of treatment effect with OME, what are the antibiotics optimal use, 6? Does the treatment vary for either condition by the characteristic of the patient that is known as the rates influencers of AOM such as group setting, age, socioeconomic status, and season of the year (Jacobs, Springer, and Crothers, 2001 p. 166)? Goals for Patients with Recurrent Otitis Media The main goals during treatment of recurrent otitis media include preventing of faster progression of infectious, addressing AOM complication, preventing hearing prevention deficits and promoting language development. The antibiotic studies use of either treatment of OME or prophylaxis of recruitment AOM were identified by MEDLINE during a 1996 search using refined searching that was linked with the otitis media phase. With one of the following terms; prospective, clinical trials, random models, placebo, statistical, placebos, the articles that were identified to help study more about the problems (Harrison, Tyler, Smith, and Findlay, 2004. P.45); the results confirmed that goals of treatment are as discussed herein. Methods Monographs, textbooks and current contents were searched. Use of randomly published controlled trials of the use of antibiotics in the AOM recurrent or OME was selected. The estimated effects of the submission and publication of studies with the findings that are null by the standard approach. The inclusion articles meeting criteria were obliged to conceal the source of authors, study location, publication and medication use. The results and methods sections were viewed independently, reviewed by reviewers who rated every article for ideal adherence characterized by a randomized controlled trial using a rating form that was standard (Hunink, Weinstein, Wittenberg etl 2014. P. 674). The reviewers also used an additional scoring sheet to rate the potential of the assessed report of confounding factors such age, race, status, duration, socioeconomic factors, disease, the previous therapy used for otitis media and the first episode of otitis media. Differences between reviewers accurate rating on specific items got solutions by the third blinded reviewer. The evaluation summary scores were rated. Articles that were selected were used for four meta-analyses separately. For sufficient outcome reports were used for more than analysis and the authors provided presented more data for more than one outcome. Meta-analyses addressed the use of antibiotics in the prophylaxis of recurrent AOM. Examining the episode frequency of meta-analyses. These go into the data present the number of patients per month. The outcome of treatment of OME was reported in this period; the outcome used the closest to a month after treatment. The patients in this group were in the unit of analysis. Free effusion for the patient to consider benefited treatment. The report that was similar with an exception the unit of outcome in the articles was cleared. A more conservative measure of the outcome the patient. The patient is one of the meta-analysis. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis method DerSimonian analyses were used as well as Laird to calculate the differences in rates of treatment approximation and the effect at 95% confidence interval (Kemper, and Cohen, 2004.p 55). The random effect the random effect did not ensure homogeneity of the study population and incorporated different variability into the estimates. The effect summary statistics of effect using the approach is measured by terms of error within every study as the results are shown. Finding The findings of the meta-analysis offer support that is mixed for the use of antibiotics in the prophylaxis or treatment of OME and the recurrent AOM. Prophylaxis treatment works best for children with AOM intermittent with regards to prevention of AOM. The effect was limited by treatment requirement in which it showed ten children desirable treatment outcomes (Tan, Brainard, and Larkin, 2015 p. 455). However, the small RD is necessary to stand out given the nature of antitoxic and attraction risk (surgical treatment) There is lack of sufficient indication to recommend a particular antibiotic, although using sulfisoxazole seems to have better treatment outcomes compared with other antibiotics. The insufficient evidence fails to provide a recommendation on the treatment duration or the effect of the recurrence rates of AOM before therapy. For the case of OME, the antibiotics appear to be useful in a short course or short-term effusion clearance. With regard as to whether one considers it being the outcome of treatment. The effect is limited; however other patients need to be treated to improve the result in one of them and relatively short duration. In in a month or more after completion of treatment, there is no statistical improvement in comparison with control. Prevention of delays in language development is the major goal of OME treatment as well as general realization of developmental milestones that may be delayed by hearing deficits. Lack of effectiveness in treatment, in the long term, leads to questioning the value of antibiotic treatment with regards to its administration to achieve its goals. Language is not acquired in the short term interval. If there is persistence in the antibiotic treatment for a short duration, the goal may not be achieved. Additionally, recent studies conducted with placebo control tend to indicate lesser short-term antibiotic benefits. With meta-analysis, the findings reported herein rely on the concluded studies in the analysis. Two of the analyses suggest that those of the current otitis media and of OME with the outcome of measure involving the use of data that are not entirely independent. The results of the research could come more than once in one child since raw data was not available. However, since raw data was not available to address the question, and since methodology was not approached statistically through meta-analysis, type two errors were not excluded properly. Very few studies consider a few of the many potential factors that were confounded in the survey design. These analyses were also unable to address the question about how the characteristics of the patient influenced the effect of treatment. The lack of methodological rigor in the study included as indicated by the low-quality scores were considered as findings limitation. The study quality, however, shows that over and above assignment of patients randomly to treatment to be as considered findings limitation. The correction of the survey on the quality over and above the treatment of patients to be compared. Quantitative review The pooled showed findings an RD favoring the treatment of the antibiotic of 0.11 OAM episodes patient month (CI, 0.03 to 0.19 95%) the control in the group was 0.19. The pooled findings showed an RD favoring treatment of 0.11 events. The control rate groups were 0.19 (CI, 0.13 TO 0.26 95%). Three studies with 121 subjects in a total used crossover design. Excluding the crossover of the studies produced no change. Studies that used sulfisoxazole had a trend a better outcome (RD, 0.20;95%) (Young, Peppard, and Gottlieb, 2002.p 1218) OME Treatment, long tern common effects. The meta-analysis 4. In the meta-analysis, eight students were included 0f short-term to long-term outcome of the treatment of OME with antibiotics. Five studies had the results of favoring the treatment of antibiotic and three studies supported placebo, and two showed a small difference or no difference at all. One had CIs that zero was inclusive. In a pooled analysis it was found that little evidence for long-term or average benefit from antibiotic from antibiotic treatment of OME. When there was a division of studies by the use of ear or the patient as the outcome the results remained the same. With the patient the RD was o. o1 (95% CI, 0.06-0.08); with the ear was 0.12 (95% CI, 0.14 TO 0.26). Elimination on the study using the antibiotic of efficiency that is questionable (penicillin) did not affect the findings. Likewise, the division of the studies by the treatment duration. Summary and Recommendations Gens tends to produce treatment effects than the other antibiotics better; the statistical differences are not significant. Regarding the term of the therapy, no trend is the apparent or preexisting disease. These are with reason that the primary goal of OME treatment is preventing language or developmental delays due to the deficit of earing. The lack of long-term effectiveness results to one questioning the value of antibiotic treatment as it is currently administered in achieving this goal (Schneeweiss, 2007, p.144). In the short interval of time language is not acquired. If there is the persistence of antibiotic treatment for a short period only the goal my not achieved. Additionally, more recent studies and the studies conducted with controls placebo tended to show secondary benefits in short-term of the antibiotics. With any meta-analysis, the reported findings herein show on the studies in the analysis that was concluded. Three of the meta-analyses of those otitis media and OME that was recurrent with the ear as the measure of the outcome. The involvement of the use of the data that are not independent fully. The outcome under study occurred more than once in the same child. Since the used data was raw from the studies were unavailable, the statistical correction could not be appropriate and cloud not be the correction for this unknown dependency level (Thomas, and Witte, 2002, p. 510). The approach used is conservative in the correction for dependence would have resulted to narrow CIs. As the studies disagree on the duration of treatment, its possible that combining the results from all the studies may affect the difference between the results response curves at distinct points in time. However, since there was no raw data in the study to address the question and methodology did not exist to give the correction; as such straight-line was selected in response curves. Finally, there is currently no approach that is standard to calculating power for statistics summary obtainable through meta-analysis leading to exclusion of type II possibility in some of the null comparisons (Roberts, Rosenfeld, and Zeisel, 2004, p.240). The study design factors were very few that produces low scores. The limitation of the findings correction of the quality study over and above assignment is randomly given to patients to the treatment that is compared has not altered the results. When it has been done in the different meta-analysis and found no correlation between observed RD and qual ity (Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium, 2007 p. 663). Conclusion Antibiotics appear to have limited effect in treatment of OME but beneficial in treatment of recurrent otitis media and resolution of OME in the short run. OME long-term benefits have not been identified clearly. Most studies seem to be failing to consider their potential to produce usable recommendations. This has contributed to the inability to determine groups of patients that are most likely to benefit. There is uncertainty whether antibiotic treatment for otitis media with OME effusion offer any benefit over placebo. The meta-analysis in prophylaxis antibiotics of recurrent AOM and OME treatment attests to that. References Rovers, M.M., Schilder, A.G.,and Zielhuis, G.A. 2004. Otitis media.The Lancet,363(9407), pp.465-473. Klein, J.O., 2000. The burden of otitis media.Vaccine,19, pp.S2-S8. 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